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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 & g8 t9 K. |, \7 r* J2 U
M4 d& q8 ~- u3 C! @# ]( Z天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
* J9 N4 K0 n0 d许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
' f' H7 H. [! S+ \《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 : ^8 E, v% q# m
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→春秋战国0 l+ z) ?% Q0 j! c$ w; A
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 5 f4 a; r) o2 y& h1 U; Y* l- d
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
1 t. H7 p' }3 L. ? L3 c' P, B《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ' a" _3 B( P" x! [- I# G
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。. y5 m7 n$ T z* d; d
; a: k! O: \- G5 T3 O' p《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ]7 X1 y! b. g, W( @7 o! X
2 {- |, v. b" h5 y, u
→汉朝
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# z8 o. N! Y0 \, y5 c+ l% m汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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( y9 U; n6 r& s晋朝' _( Z( g- {$ n, Z& H1 N
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ( `' @ a: F" w; Z
→
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唐朝# x2 Z" P: C; w* m0 t2 F/ y
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →, I; M. p1 P# J2 V, k. l0 x
1 ^4 W: K$ p5 j宋朝
2 I% ^1 d$ b' x$ d; z% R
$ V$ I8 o2 y# i! X4 ]北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 % k3 c( |5 N. c' J0 \- {: C
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。” C, O6 X6 M( T* K8 A( m
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→
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0 L8 h4 }, q: {( w% y8 |* s- t
辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”! g! R$ I/ M4 j ?, X( p
. S! V f+ M' Z9 n _→
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! o+ x3 Q h2 E6 z1 |8 r5 j7 w6 d明朝4 ^0 }' j+ Q0 T+ Z4 Y9 m
" t* C8 w! _1 S3 ?0 Y! q8 Y
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。! @, N Z5 ]: t% h
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” $ m$ J; Q- D3 f" X: {( Y
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。+ ~0 O4 n _6 W5 w7 R9 E8 q
+ j7 I6 k2 X4 y7 S) x* c% s* X洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ) z5 R1 e g" B0 n. K, H
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 5 @& ?9 R7 Y8 m6 b# F
$ m: ^ p7 T3 a! w' E4 y3 e同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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6 j* e) o. a/ h5 E" d8 Z蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。0 t( C' O6 G4 G/ k: T8 k; _# j' ~
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
4 H8 {1 `- u$ Q5 e5 f吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”/ O; y; P. {7 x. Z8 e" ~
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” " j0 N: B7 l6 q" H: b, W: g# N
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/ {+ j" X& J6 \2 _鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
- m3 [+ q. i. v) Y& p' c6 Y$ Q* N$ J1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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