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# x! m3 N' U& h; j1 a' n3 F
" Y# F2 e+ i$ C6 x- s4 v1 X天朝博弈史
# Q( k, B$ p, d1 t9 q
$ q, g4 H2 d2 t( D! p博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
' K, K Q1 ]# r1 B+ R许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 6 J' [; M" _1 N
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 " j, h# M0 O; K" m. z: ~6 [" s5 H
$ V5 m) e6 ^% k) b- n4 ]
o: x. p# {. @0 X" C' k. S→春秋战国( J( K+ K7 v0 t( v8 B- @
* D* G. H4 V4 P9 @% U
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 * o' f6 B! F7 N$ o0 L- D, c
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 : Q4 Y/ g: m2 C: Q4 f' d1 e' `4 G" Q4 i
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 9 X5 Q# D7 \: U
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
! _# F/ e: z U1 z2 m0 ? k2 }
- s3 C+ H4 H5 u# J/ A《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 . ~& J) D: [3 l" X5 [% Q/ e! C
, ?! P+ f) Z2 d! k$ s3 j
→汉朝
) p5 @3 \ w z6 P% W2 }; c5 n! I, n$ k+ P! M3 [
% j2 {9 z; `* M9 O* I g. `5 M8 _
汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛. ]( p' W. b l
9 R. }1 d/ z2 O' T/ [4 b: p$ @
→2 {! \5 E! T: M9 e* D9 _6 a3 L
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晋朝
) R* c7 }- ~; q4 y
7 s, ?# x7 Y' h6 ~东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ; B0 p9 N4 c$ q* i" {" g
→
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4 H7 |% ?& l# s( b& F6 ~, Q唐朝; H, w9 t& E, S" ?( L0 v) C
% L6 O* n6 T8 b( N% s1 l唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
+ f3 ~% P/ s1 u1 c% b8 M8 e$ V/ u) w3 {- [7 f
宋朝
3 h1 e' ^" |# I/ Q2 p9 s4 x& T1 d' x- h9 A6 J3 h9 v
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
4 T) {8 w6 B6 _9 c苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。& W8 p1 }6 X4 L$ z# V [- q1 c+ l: w
. a$ y1 j1 ^7 h: l4 g3 {
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
s9 v9 H/ g5 T4 E0 f3 A/ v3 G 2 l5 E* K- o4 |& F8 y5 [* V4 E
→
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- T/ k! w4 S. D- {7 P+ M& h5 r辽、金
3 H& q. h( I Q1 l( Y
/ B* m) l% I3 G辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”* e, n1 h) o3 G' @6 m/ r3 R: L% _
" S1 F. w/ P1 l4 y( ] t→2 p* @# x/ N# b! i- W; n8 l: }
3 J1 L' y. ~: t5 x6 k- Z7 f0 d* `
8 B% y4 b8 X% x ^) N4 k明朝( v0 f& w) q8 L
2 G( \& M! t1 v& O& y0 \明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
0 m& { K6 V7 M4 V/ E6 G' l; F ; R) \4 {9 U8 K; O1 r
→9 E& s8 J+ g( C2 w6 E- A/ j7 ]
- S/ k. {, _8 {2 f( ? d# X3 R
. }$ o& F$ N; D/ i清朝
* X* T' b0 H8 y1 V0 y# v, r
, f. k' U2 E5 n% \* Z7 r. H《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ! E2 p- k! L, ^8 i( {5 t% U; H
! o8 ^. Z% i. S# K, @; ?$ A/ ]
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
4 }$ J' X; ~7 D
0 _; f: y8 M+ V' _ ]/ E雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
: l7 f7 ]* d$ o6 { J; D
5 t) K+ n" h; r6 m. o清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” + K8 l4 e0 s, H9 N- p& C
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
9 F- U+ }7 W6 e9 z4 z0 ~
A/ @+ q" b6 D8 O洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
) r; ^& g* |" j J; V4 c N
4 L, J3 \% ?0 M" n3 O% t汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
8 w7 f: s+ t& h) D% d' y% y5 V2 B1 C/ N
同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 3 |7 n8 ~6 z) S k6 \
/ E d3 q6 o" V j; N7 i V) ]5 F8 o蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。! p7 u; X4 M! v# ^
9 F9 \2 J; b0 e& {7 m0 d/ g
张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
8 F2 C5 L7 q3 p4 }5 j. e吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
7 [- H% y( d- ]- j
( Z* G* f! V0 i' S6 i+ K* P o光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” : d/ z+ r7 w" g, k: b* m6 \; R# I
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( l1 L- B4 q! m& ^- C! W0 j8 |中华民国/ V. C5 t+ `0 \ [% ]
2 d+ A) M( S& {5 P6 J* w鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
0 t, D0 Q6 q+ {1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” : m& v2 r: B& B% \7 S# X- ^
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