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天朝博弈史+ \, X$ W+ f" n6 n( F+ N$ d+ ]
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 e! N V2 @2 o: Z
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” # W" D4 I9 O7 j6 a$ V* b
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 + W+ [. L5 j# m- o% F$ \: o, ^
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) E( X5 [- t1 v9 W! y& x' k" U→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
w5 x1 q& K5 ]' H7 y: |8 A2 E《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
2 G1 L. [5 {9 w, _. {) M《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
& B3 b3 `0 p$ Q( p《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝
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* H N- u) Q8 C6 P' ` D汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛5 S2 R9 e1 Y! e
& V6 U8 [* W% U6 g! l; k$ {7 r% y→9 a7 s/ [& u5 H; f. [! a1 O
3 p& X9 N4 w* K0 `# Y _. B( g晋朝
5 u5 z+ M" H2 `
7 Z0 T1 V5 _/ G" C( C1 ?东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 2 e# E( T, {( F- }& g& R
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: V' ?$ f* t# {+ m; y唐朝
% U5 W/ G4 h+ L' ^! O# L. H+ Q2 U% x: s' B: W5 `. J7 u# _, E
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →4 a) F/ J+ N% o; G5 o0 i6 g* G8 A4 [* A
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宋朝, A$ ?2 i, `4 r1 x6 q
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 4 X$ {- R! V" X( k/ Y# o
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。; K& f( ]& w8 j& X5 Y3 R: w; X
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金7 n0 t q8 a" L. w b9 F$ h5 @+ \
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”: @5 }! u) {! ^( l0 S
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k A: T v" {! K! v) G0 W7 R明朝2 D, C, r; e$ ^7 e. a5 c; J, S% r. T0 B
: H" ~* {2 h1 A l; i, x3 t# m明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。3 D& H0 ]$ q& @+ }, e1 d. G# H
5 J/ x9 s! e4 r1 Y3 o→
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+ E/ I# F! J8 W: W- r4 R清朝% N3 l# L, R2 H! N0 d8 V
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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7 A& t/ Q/ y5 c6 {6 Y4 c: f雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。9 w* [. W( ~4 r" x5 @* \
* J5 `# C7 L" ]1 M4 l/ S7 [清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” , }/ r9 A8 r* n k, K
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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$ c# ~% f: u% J0 D( h洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 |& I% m# k! ]
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 + X( R8 n0 l7 V4 b( y. T! b( x
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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1 C: i, `& C$ D. E蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。2 @ ]3 f1 \ f0 [! d
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
$ N! h4 x% ? l% s$ r吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”9 ~9 x6 j7 p/ _# U& E- R! {- x; y! p
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ! Q) ~. D+ b8 c5 [3 o/ c5 D, C
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
; A0 m9 E# u4 Z! F/ Z1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” & P* M1 w7 \; R& W; l6 o
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