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( E! t8 O" I8 w# M* J天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
: m. R, L5 K6 G9 b% e% v许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” : E- L" q7 Q2 f+ ]" J* _
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 # o8 A. H/ g. Y- @+ d- S/ M, g
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( J+ R. z' v8 }9 H2 o2 }" Y$ s: k→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 / t' R' E1 Z$ m g0 a9 a
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ' S$ @# ?' W3 Z1 d! p- Z
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
" q1 y/ ^6 c, O8 |& l- ^《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。& z7 F9 J. G% H# r. i
1 p4 h4 C9 p% J0 S7 v2 z5 ?$ T《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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3 O {) h/ C* S! W. f) |) p9 v→汉朝7 f0 d$ J9 t! E
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/ V: `* G* y. Q' X5 E+ r汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛9 x0 |' g. `9 f- G! |% J1 W
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晋朝& h, y# g7 o& i( o3 z, L/ R
" J( _- M# i3 N( A% S% K' r东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” : L6 w2 J* Y2 l/ h) ]0 p
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唐朝, |( J; c) L3 _1 H
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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( h1 ~" F8 N7 k+ J8 w3 e9 m" _( u7 j宋朝! u7 B6 y" W, c1 L$ Q
, A# n8 B0 G: S3 {0 d( T" Y北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ) k. W# D' b3 {" M9 q8 @ j% d
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。' _+ r2 m0 x/ H9 m2 K
# p6 i% m- S. r0 K《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”; Y4 X) t# c: C$ }
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辽、金
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; M' D0 J. @! P4 g! K: @3 c辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”: j" u' Z3 E0 ^- t" E! t
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明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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z- b+ h _' N( [& z) C清朝
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# y7 X/ u- E; H& `* ~《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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) O! n! i6 y# K" W1 |0 |: g6 V雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。 y& G# a& c" c+ _* f+ g
$ ?# k4 o7 ]" N, u; r5 U9 Y- C清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
+ l3 d% e# C" o8 ]8 z" y咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ( k( s# Y7 s4 ~* g
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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: ]* k+ K& y; I3 Y( [+ ~7 K同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 7 g: }9 i) Z7 T, H" z; Z
+ i; t# }3 t+ A+ g* a蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。, v$ d4 V- [" S, k- L/ Q
5 p* D/ h1 B" b p张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ; z* Z9 A: w# V: {6 W* s: I% ?
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”; D' i2 r2 L- e8 K/ ^
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 9 g- C9 k7 j- q1 j% a0 {
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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