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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 * ~" C7 @9 w) @ x M5 V( i8 Q
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天朝博弈史) w( J$ q9 w' Q2 S) d3 e
, e2 G0 w7 C, y& I& J( E博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 n( K2 D! d' ^% l' n# F, f
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
+ H0 D( q9 {$ {/ K* ^《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ! \ }3 f! u7 F3 k6 c
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→春秋战国0 o0 W" C2 I) @; M- b9 t
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
$ f5 _& ?: y9 e! F7 `8 f/ W《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 6 b8 ]$ P! l7 e7 b. q
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” , |! D. B! q8 h
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。; K) L( u- z0 `0 Q
/ ]2 J, A+ N r2 U/ z《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 4 k, B+ c9 G! r. H% o, c
7 f. ~" m* S7 m1 X: a/ q→汉朝; t5 ^. X2 b5 j1 X# s
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛4 v* N( p/ v B$ l+ z) e6 f
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→
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晋朝: Q8 G; ]0 w: \8 ~9 L
, E2 f& g4 L/ d) ?# ]东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝0 @, I. p! |2 z5 ?! F, V2 o
1 Z, v" v! r! x5 w唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝4 |+ y5 |- G. j& c0 { z
% U2 j% m. f" Q6 A1 g北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 , h# S }4 K4 l" u5 W% j
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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r' x3 B' L6 z" e! E: T* [《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”: K( ]7 o' e" Q; |# t0 `
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辽、金
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4 Q. I/ B$ h9 u2 Q; z辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝6 _- v3 k- ?9 ?8 `) U
# c3 u, A2 t A8 W8 R W* \+ I明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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. z6 l& O9 R6 B$ G2 R* m/ Q1 u清朝8 f: ~. j: a+ M$ `
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 O( \5 P7 t! s1 G
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
* {% K+ S" J; ]4 I4 H% K- b3 j# K
. w0 H, M5 O- m( R雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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7 E6 ?% r4 Y% u) `& U: q清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
6 {- w1 m7 L' M8 r咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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4 I9 ^" @! P9 |# H1 y7 S$ ^洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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9 l6 S4 V) U p7 ^: D汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 9 x2 k E( \; z
2 Z/ p# u( }' [# D, a. n同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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! C5 c2 c0 v2 ^, O+ `8 \! [蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。1 t& L& G1 z+ H5 c4 Q& A' p
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
) g- r1 \7 v( }2 F3 N. ^吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”, Q! o5 x1 i2 n! ^
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” B4 U) @' A: Q$ t. ]
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 4 w) e8 |2 Y) S) C7 A
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 2 ~9 {, g" D0 _* G0 O0 c
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