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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史* D. T% H4 E/ N3 R( e* K# ?& `
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 + v" n, X4 s: U3 h
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” * ~8 z8 u/ y E+ }% f+ n7 f
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ; w" G% A* e7 v3 _
+ z. T; s6 z Q& y7 [8 x4 p! h
& J, \$ _/ m- i, M* w: y→春秋战国
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# |6 R! S2 d2 H" r$ M/ Z z4 o$ ]《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 8 M t: z; V4 T3 z
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
, ] E2 {# x1 U3 U* ]《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 1 }/ e+ ?. M' e
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 : k; E/ ]0 v# p" _) c' X" @
6 w# u- H9 ^ }" M( y8 e→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛5 G9 N) f; f$ [6 U* O
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晋朝
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% O, N {" L8 ^- f* u& H C9 ~+ D东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ' Z. }1 R8 c$ Y8 o9 I' L
→
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唐朝
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# z) \1 d2 Y* u* K. e' u# Z唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 → Y4 a6 a* U- V$ q/ C9 E7 \
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宋朝
& z, ]5 X9 f% E, d5 n
1 R: L7 @; Y5 s北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 / U! @* E. h5 S0 J. [
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。. ^. B- W1 b5 B- {/ E' i2 E" b$ V
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”, t6 a; T8 o- Z7 m" N- b
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辽、金
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3 a. e% E: a# b/ Q5 [' e辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”9 t) N2 L& ?, S' l- X/ w: r
; C1 M* Y# y2 G+ B! Z→
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& J6 u E2 e; c4 ^' I明朝0 L G1 v. C. Y8 y
2 \; B9 r+ M+ a1 U0 _, c6 i$ `明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。# p: U" m( M3 x: r8 g5 a3 @, \
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→
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清朝
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) E0 L0 }9 a+ O% `* A# k' R《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
7 o x3 \/ ^/ r6 B" S2 @& G9 b' n# K" j! L! H4 @
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 3 h8 X6 N6 Z2 H! v1 r1 w1 C" {
7 g6 a( z$ f: A: }
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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+ M0 t/ L- U+ Q7 \$ M/ Q$ [清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 4 ]/ U! H* U; ]4 S* }
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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' J8 l4 o# p) H2 v6 Z洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 - A$ t5 z' r( d6 M8 t/ }% F
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 " }6 n, Q, w$ H- m
- o5 H0 Y: f4 s1 @- @- f2 H' G" ^同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 & z0 W9 Y9 @0 {% ]
% l; l$ [: M2 Y7 Y蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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6 N k& Q+ v: e6 Y; }. D* t张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
9 }; D* E1 ^0 Y* Q5 M7 {5 N吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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8 ~/ U% P/ o. _5 P光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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0 Y8 [3 U+ N) n5 U+ S+ h鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
8 z' v F5 d2 v! e2 K! ]0 b& A1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 0 X5 a0 d4 w+ n
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