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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 2 @2 A$ X, r1 c5 L+ p+ c/ B
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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 1 B$ Y) Z3 o0 g& v
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” & [, t/ H. P, A' m% n
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 , M6 q0 [ R0 L
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+ }2 [8 Y9 a) B# I$ E; n' @1 ^) r. R' b→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
) ~/ v) f3 ~8 c0 D) e《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 2 P3 d+ I8 x- ^+ y
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
* N: X' R9 E4 d9 F1 n《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。- t5 l; h9 Q; L
1 H/ J1 K# S; G7 e- g! Z" E4 s7 d( k) m《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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* h) q/ j, F" R" B) T→汉朝, }3 P& w# R( A; e- V2 N \& J1 M5 Q
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* |" I: y9 [: u汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝3 [" c( _! I9 |" Q/ H
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 2 p3 V8 i. ?5 C2 z8 e! V
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" r3 T( l4 n* O. J7 z! }8 }唐朝' W- {' `: W' K9 D9 R D% ?
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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1 m& ~( }5 R9 z+ Y0 v宋朝" }/ x& P, e6 G5 p7 p2 z
; d3 u, b3 C; e1 n( Q8 ?北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 o+ y: K/ L A0 A8 n0 j
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。% G: j' u8 b" K' y
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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5 z6 d" J* c) H4 A* r辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”! s. i3 r' F' R1 v! ^1 J) s; b
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. N4 r+ ?+ }5 Q4 b) Z" V/ m明朝
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, T! L' H( b6 |明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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+ o) M1 m# _& q6 {' t( l2 G清朝9 {) z) H6 w5 E9 j% a
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 6 [4 C8 H' ^& c' E6 l/ P4 N
6 J5 {3 ]) S; u) R: g雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
7 R) u% N+ a4 f! S1 ]* @4 s咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。6 S9 ^% i( E- {9 @, y
5 H* d* A. {5 y* w洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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2 J& v/ g8 w9 a& w+ k2 H6 T汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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7 x' h0 o$ P) ~4 j' }! Z% x, E4 R蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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- P9 R) `* A% k b( `, G, {( z张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
4 z( Q4 r' _9 \6 U% E, X& j$ g吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”9 m; T+ g( ?4 `7 i
# s$ R. ~$ ?' d4 s光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” . r# B. j7 T- A. f* q( d( ]
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” / r/ D# C6 e5 e4 X( f
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 7 ?0 @9 O! ?. C9 O3 j, ]+ `
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