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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史$ q7 ~, o7 ]0 o. j% T
% z- m7 W' V) g9 _博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
4 E3 u; C7 E- ^/ I许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ! k7 v- P: z5 }/ p
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 5 f4 z/ U+ p% I# `9 @; z
4 k# ]) r% Y* v
0 E8 C4 o a1 h→春秋战国0 J" r4 ^: Z. u1 C
8 g8 \# g8 U9 m# R, P: n
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 1 q' R0 _( s* L! Q8 H
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
; X. \) J( n1 L& Y- d《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 6 Y1 t0 W3 Y/ d* {# S7 t$ W$ T
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 4 l) ]! A: z" m& t8 ]6 i& R% w
" l2 ?# l; [! [% G. q5 P1 h
→汉朝
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6 r+ Y1 T9 O* l, n2 }汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛/ c) U% u& b' v2 F7 M( |
" a" x1 s9 H6 {. [→
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晋朝+ t; L( m+ I& b
3 |/ _# s9 n6 k5 }) ^# {东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” / s: p+ Y2 S8 a
→
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唐朝
/ U5 y- d" H5 G7 P, p- g( E' d0 |8 I$ R' F4 S
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝% A; h# q# Z- P5 ~1 n7 P0 j
9 v) F: E4 U7 ^( O! h5 g$ E
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
- ^% @: n$ y, _, G% d5 e0 e苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。9 F3 i) v/ R- ?: v* i) n" f/ N! J9 z
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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3 N1 p! L4 {2 e# V9 k( s; K/ O→
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* F1 [1 c( z6 G- m/ a' a# M( I辽、金
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2 m% W. u* A9 ^( A$ w* ?辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”7 A( ?6 Z' t: ?
+ o6 [2 Y1 ]8 s- v5 ~$ L→6 }4 ^6 J4 T. X8 G6 ^6 b4 w
2 H" x- a' a4 M4 A8 P' X% @2 ?6 i) |' N) f) ` x7 C6 r3 T. W
明朝) ~/ R: @8 C5 ~- c7 p
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。4 f" C4 {' F t$ P6 C9 P& S
7 ]# h5 ?: L4 T" i" C$ P+ e→
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5 N9 n/ s# @. o5 R/ |) W& ~ s清朝) z! V5 m7 f" I' N* m
% l8 A8 @ X# {* a W. z《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ' A. ^7 v9 n& K- Z( O0 h+ }* i
* H+ P j: K6 r T康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
5 s& D; d Q2 u
7 A% p+ B0 E4 ~雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
* @ k' ?( I" `# M6 G. [; B5 C; w ( {2 x- P ~$ Z& v { j9 B/ ^+ k/ ]
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ( Q/ \+ b0 a3 A0 Y0 F
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。$ O+ C8 }, N6 v- P
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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% ? b9 Y+ E3 q# m! Z汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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: @" e% p4 J) h% ]; T; D同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
5 j+ ]; v' ~" E3 {) Z吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”. }! M M3 Q# H5 x- R
. [2 v* e# |$ W$ f' e m光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 3 p( t J, U" c0 B, Z; r7 D
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
% Z# h+ i1 U- V; H& y- V: X% L- h1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 7 f: Z- a' o: q3 J+ [/ ^' W
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