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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 4 ?5 S3 B' k$ U; A H G
1 w" Q4 z- V- J' N天朝博弈史
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: N. q: C. ?/ x1 H博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 5 n% k# V, Q* b( s) b6 ]' I' u3 \
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
$ H" z) e" X9 r, m* X- A《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 , z5 U- G) @4 b' v( E
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→春秋战国& z" B. _' D+ G! T4 s
* Z& Q1 d+ e2 M- B《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 0 c L' \" t* J4 P
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 & \" p+ Q7 I$ `
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
1 S/ y/ p1 _6 O4 d* M# c《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。% B) C- B N$ e0 b) ?+ g
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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% ]- A$ w E5 s! O3 P5 D→汉朝$ T# L% a0 H, X- F; _
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& h2 u$ S- o4 |汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 7 f% R, ~$ W C- x, ^
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唐朝* J. m! r6 N$ k c& j e( P7 E3 n1 C
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →$ g% N4 x% n6 k
7 Y. ^5 v4 I7 k* t8 G4 i3 c- u& S宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ( M( p# L3 V% m8 R
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。 E6 G6 s* ~7 v0 e
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”' O C! t0 Z2 k$ i1 ?
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3 Y' i$ b* x4 J2 \辽、金& {0 Q* E' S# Z7 Q" j
1 K& _$ i: _7 _辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”* I- \7 J; o3 P" U
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明朝+ b; K5 O: g( _' x% K
2 t4 P# m+ Q9 d$ ]4 s6 Q明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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" F5 {. i# c. c! [( f# `清朝+ C2 @. q' y; M
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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: o) m4 G+ s- z% f {雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。, m4 t) r) T, j; H$ u' y+ ^
, I7 c; E. B! Z7 ?& T清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” . ^; C6 R# L- R0 i- _" c+ C' e$ M
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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6 U# y7 B: t' F3 [2 ^5 E洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 % e3 N# [2 J* P& ^/ p
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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, `, H) r% [$ W6 N9 z! z同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 % M+ l& G- o# b3 ~- \- ?
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。# U' h1 j& z d; e" k: q! J
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
+ X! n% X' W; p) `吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”9 Z% T1 a2 L6 V$ D* w$ ]
6 [7 p/ C6 @6 L! \4 p4 Q) F光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
% z; Z" K! x3 L/ i3 `& i* M1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” $ j& w# y8 ]+ O: Z/ z
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