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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 3 F- g7 |) `/ a
: p, Y2 {" X8 R- k; ~) J天朝博弈史0 m3 M- o/ d6 f D0 U9 p2 d1 c
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 - a# D# V# M7 q- U% f% e
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” & N6 |6 C2 g" r- U
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 6 K% W- G; d+ l, D* [
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2 {& L# A, i, w$ ~0 v( b→春秋战国8 J% A! Y! N( `+ {& k1 ^: ]7 r
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
/ a; G# N1 x/ w! a; Z$ |( I《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 2 s$ u5 f6 ~' c8 F/ q8 \
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 4 o) a/ u8 x, e( p0 O; ^! w
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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% M. k4 @* \& f: o1 l3 C《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 - J# U7 y2 e% A( Y. H
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→汉朝. O2 o' @! m; `3 V8 y
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& j8 \, t6 O+ F2 r汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛, `3 B* \; H5 k* h1 T
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晋朝+ n1 O4 c6 s. Y w
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” & w( t7 C% ^: c7 O& x: Q
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唐朝
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* ?2 k- K# t! ^: O* N: `# m3 {* F唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
7 W* n) g% B8 n8 {; @苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。3 d- h( w* [8 F% M
: ?% ?6 D7 J1 d8 S《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”* \0 \$ A% C9 T
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1 B# Y/ r1 F/ ], I辽、金9 c' h7 T7 b/ ~. w
7 \5 O. |4 e$ r7 h9 Q辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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! L, j1 {4 H1 \7 ]9 K5 N; \1 i3 o明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。! w3 U% _7 b4 A8 K% b6 S+ _
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清朝
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& E" k% d9 k1 [; w2 J# {6 v$ p《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 5 U. F" p, e3 Q! e% h' k
- I9 q* h# @0 Z$ I( k" ?康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。, n m' ?. q# G: l0 h& R
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
2 P1 x+ F/ x5 O: _% C咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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7 @1 |& I# S% P- P1 t0 `: u洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 1 B9 {( d8 K. Y0 Z4 h& e/ H8 J
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 ! [: P) N7 i) ]) A
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 8 e9 h& a" O. k7 i. c: Z! G
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 " @1 r# Q# O# e( y8 U6 V
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”$ a4 z3 b W) L0 |7 K) L8 @- d% z6 m
/ ]1 R8 d! m h; A* G/ X' g光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” / B) ]5 t; B/ s& ~4 I9 I' ~ g& a
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中华民国
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4 H% B" H2 t" R1 d! }0 _9 K鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 3 e; @! o3 [1 \; X
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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