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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史6 P l7 e! S9 c
& r& v0 J5 D- i& m+ M8 L( M6 p博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
, E: B/ }/ {9 V1 f- \( p% j( n许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
( ~) _% b/ @4 u! W1 C- e3 n《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
1 @" S5 t$ @) Y0 h. y《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 $ \4 u! X4 V8 K3 t Z7 y
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” h7 @* g5 Q' n* y! A
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。7 F! V: e* b* `
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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7 Y4 Q4 z2 }5 f1 L( {- ~) h9 E→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛2 S3 C* T$ y% k* `6 S
t) c2 x' G5 Q( l→: d- {8 Z+ z' j- W& N5 l4 Y% { @9 J
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晋朝, [" A1 r1 h, y& M- [" r, g
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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& J2 T) s. I+ u5 t8 N, q- o唐朝2 b8 u9 ~' V4 I! g: `% L) B- f
5 j3 A8 b0 Q: {2 a$ w7 P唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →7 I$ x7 O- a) L [
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 / o5 r$ ?) p: K' v: z
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。) P0 C2 ?* q6 h$ |! U9 G
; _- J n7 I# h! `《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”4 q8 N$ D z! ?0 n2 l1 h; R
f9 P8 f3 g1 ~5 K/ Y→% q+ Z) [( |$ _( j9 s8 ^1 O# c
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' ]$ ?& Q1 R) E7 \& P% N/ _辽、金; R5 f) [5 O6 e8 o2 w! u
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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+ g9 S2 V; }' b5 Q% t \+ F( l4 c明朝9 h Y- q' o1 A8 a4 S
% [- f p) x }0 ?- Y
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。' T* m5 Q" Z3 c) |, |* t
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$ s( `! Y" W' ]$ }; i- x" e/ W清朝
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! O7 x7 o+ X4 t: h6 f2 q3 |8 i" P5 K《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 - j+ Z+ U* M# I2 j( R( I( g
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。* b: M& X% e. ^
4 `8 z" f) l/ l& V清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
" [- K5 K' t. ?1 R- f/ Y: E6 {咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。0 X! L& \8 d3 h$ T) }) p p; |: Y
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 2 q6 m, w. ?" n2 Q( D( l
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 & E+ a) z' V d% p: j: o
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。$ s9 ?2 Q, c$ X& h! [- A+ ^
% y# g* Q# F$ L1 r5 L6 }张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
; s. G2 t+ ~1 V3 I! A8 Y吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ; b* o+ |" p8 y5 u# l% |, Y. X
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中华民国; }* L4 D, P' P5 r
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 8 F' {6 Q! j! J+ O7 ^& y/ z+ x
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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