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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史
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! n. G5 D; x. ]; C博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
: J% t9 J! r$ F+ o# \4 M) [: w% ^许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” , n. q/ N3 P2 q2 X' h
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国' D; N2 g! h: K- {0 r. h
/ \! O5 ?' ?3 V3 B. k6 W《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
' r7 k* p) q: c/ d, r《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 0 E0 V- ~' }0 T
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
; N3 ~7 E7 u1 X \3 s8 ~- t《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。& Y- Q9 |: Y; k5 e1 x
" j7 V# A$ @& `《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝
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4 A' S9 q+ y1 z* D汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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) ]; b- d* O5 e9 ]) X: a晋朝/ D$ j( d9 S4 G; J* }6 l
4 I. ^: O& T0 ^/ O$ Z$ C9 x+ Z东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 2 z6 l) l/ ?, n- y2 @, `
→
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; G* f0 K' M* f' t唐朝
7 k( Y6 l) e' G0 p* m3 d0 S! N y" O0 m0 o1 b3 T6 }
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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) L0 [' w/ } _" o7 i c( q. w2 C北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
" m7 Q! H+ U# g& A; W, |苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”8 l' ?# n3 i; U7 G5 D; c
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辽、金 [+ s: C# A2 X' q
) B& ~. u, o: W$ Q3 ]* \辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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8 f" c! C) n8 g, j2 M2 K# u! Y明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。1 a& y7 H4 a9 h, {( T6 F4 O9 p% Z
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[: l* I- ^5 h6 M* I1 h. X c; W+ Z清朝
" H- J* C' ?) w% [
' ]/ Y' C4 A$ R$ Q; L$ A8 v# Y8 t《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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0 c- i. v! p4 w康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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' H0 }( q# ~; Y% C4 v# J1 M清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
: Q4 X3 ^/ v" Z$ P/ U w咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。0 n J% }+ b/ {0 C# {3 B% }
, Y+ z8 v, @# Y0 ~5 p; I. \. P: N洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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7 u: k0 j+ ]8 N" U% B汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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0 ]( q- a) o$ b' p蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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3 Y4 i! t7 x' \1 N# o: _2 f张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ) z% h! U Z7 b1 N% B3 Q
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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7 ?' j" S0 z: k/ E' O1 V鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
, Z9 A0 t$ ?5 Z p/ u+ p' {. {1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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