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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 $ j- g* J# l/ x- t5 ]0 t p
4 p) ^# X! o1 M) \天朝博弈史 _" O Z& \* Q: i
6 k' k3 `2 a: _. y* N: I博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 . Q6 f; J$ n! Q9 d% i G1 U
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” / W% q$ w8 g. S! c4 j; k- l6 x
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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A* W9 r) i5 {6 k5 ]- o8 @→春秋战国
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/ ~" |" @* i1 [' W( _《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 " U! ]+ B( W- `( a
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 & h) h1 O, I) Y4 m" G
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
4 h. V U- I1 y9 a9 z《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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& I, K9 a: ^4 X: X. ^: Y3 G《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝8 D% d/ L# ]" S) |$ ]( I r
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9 |) Q: G1 R9 }. h4 Z汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛5 i* \9 n' H0 L1 }! F, U4 Q9 i( m. A
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” & C# J* U3 G0 v+ G; z; R
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6 ]; V9 {9 ?4 L, _: t' j. z唐朝
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0 g7 x5 C# O% I# ^唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →2 g8 u" {3 Z% ^6 K4 e) X
) V& f V+ F& q2 _; k) k( G宋朝
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* {( Q0 n: o! E1 w2 y7 _+ D北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ( M' J% B9 e: O; M8 ~5 C! h7 V4 F& E
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。! ?2 {: T! s' J, j& u& c
4 }' \9 ]6 y# D" E4 o《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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) U2 F3 c8 S- Q4 {6 k" ^辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝$ o+ }0 y" ~9 Z" V( I
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。7 n |8 }9 z) Q5 G3 ]. l9 _! }: m
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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3 ]( U+ m. G8 P: P康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ) O3 O" Y$ X7 u$ A, M2 i
; K. ?) P* b9 ?: E1 K雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。$ f( ~8 t e/ ?( N, ]
" M" q0 {$ }" p- C$ f清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
3 Y! L: o, K0 X0 W4 H9 ~咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。0 o6 w( e. H' a
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 4 {7 N% V; Q5 f
1 r2 \3 S3 \7 X1 f' M3 ~; }" ]汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 & K7 c, H k- \3 E
, s) I. K1 ?+ J% ~# x蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
% x0 q: k, M2 K$ c y) N, T3 [- X吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” $ Z! y+ H; f7 f/ S9 V
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* A& ^# k2 K J' J4 z$ \/ ]% ?鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ( }1 l9 z. o( |
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 6 A; M8 u/ J, N7 X& T3 h7 G
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