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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 1 b. U6 l! Y% |& _2 Q
& ]2 f1 g; k2 e% B" c天朝博弈史% B+ ^) X' t" z+ U
& A( v: r* Q- @) b$ o
博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
# f+ \$ w: q# D3 T8 X8 x许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
! [% @( T( S: r《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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7 L4 c6 j2 Q' ~ R7 Y* e→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 : r& r1 t, ~ \& Y
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
% F7 a3 H# I) {* Z& \+ k. H( a" }《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ( Y+ f+ F5 L' _1 e, o2 y
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
$ e6 A: Z& N. i' z5 r , W/ D* ?8 j3 E7 t) h' t: @" ^/ @
《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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1 A' o% W; u4 C& ^: Q9 x" m1 Q→汉朝
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; w x, x5 W2 b% Y; L5 [汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝* F( U! z2 z0 D! Y8 |
& I2 k% l3 y- Y4 C东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ( M9 a F9 ?# W% R; F/ c) h
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l3 z. k3 u( W' a唐朝" v4 N; B9 }' f. X9 a
9 h/ a3 @% W" ~唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →: p' D% j4 r3 ~. T' j- O& z2 H5 a8 a
9 V7 ?6 Z. ]; q) s; x, q( l$ `
宋朝9 i1 y( S. L$ G F# ?
# |. f$ g* i3 \" H8 T/ e北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
( S& i) ^+ Y, F苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。$ H; A+ i* E7 h3 y
! z g2 j- u3 }5 a1 U( {+ F0 Q
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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) N* d2 K; G4 E' u1 u+ d& L辽、金3 q; F- G0 Y* \' T- [) q( N2 ~- @+ U
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”% o: a5 \" J' U/ v6 ~
3 ?4 M, W" l! t→
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1 }1 @2 a8 _8 X0 `明朝
# Q0 x# z( X1 }8 _+ k7 }
" p" Z+ Z5 T5 ]明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。5 E5 ?! J5 o5 ]# N0 Q. o9 P
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/ u$ s7 U' b( i/ L% D$ \清朝5 R3 P* A4 R$ i" n) k
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
* f" M4 w, S' o: I7 Q% e
' j6 b7 F+ S+ K; _( ^4 d+ k康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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. b0 a! {: m3 e& H$ W% x) m* e" a( y) k雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。& M- g# H M$ ^
# T- e3 m# I9 k. R, ~: W% j$ k
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
) ^' s5 h3 X( b; P3 w( z, l咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。- } }0 s# f. s0 u2 w6 ]
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ) g; ^& {: a0 b! m0 C
; ?, I! `% o, f" q+ K8 F
汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 8 n1 y# }/ F8 O0 n3 u3 X8 }
) N) k3 W& }1 C9 F+ e同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 6 s4 m& V9 O9 K; L2 r) r: {
# J, H4 G8 ~. a# t6 J
蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
+ S* E7 x7 k2 p6 F' \吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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y, g$ |! B+ { o光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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/ o P8 P' [3 A! x中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 1 `6 Z5 Y% C5 f; H$ s0 Y
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 2 Z5 d/ H* W8 N" F# C5 \
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