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区块链目前得到广泛应用来自于它给不同诉求方间的协作带来新的信任基础,而这种信任基础建立在底层密码学所提供的安全性保障之上: 信身份与交易确权:基于非对称公私钥对建立用户可信身份,统一管理身份信息。通过数字签名实现数字资产的确权,有效签名的私钥持有者实际拥有资产所有权。 核心共识和运行安全:基于哈希函数、门限签名、可验证随机函数等现代密码技术构建共识机制,保障共识机制使用安全。 隐私保护与安全共享:基于零知识证明、安全多方计算、全同态等富功能密码技术构建隐私保护方案,实现区块链上数据的安全共享。 可控监管与合规应用:集成部署环签名、同态密码方案、隐地址和秘密共享等密码技术,确保区块链交易的安全监管。 / L1 ?; q% M# e4 c3 d) \
这其中涉及到公钥密码的用法可粗略分为:链上交易防篡改使用的数字签名机制,以及节点间通信使用的安全传输协议。受 Shor 算法的影响,上述公钥密码在使用上的安全性无法得到有效保障。在考虑专用密码破译量子计算机大规模应用所需时间的同时,还需考虑存储在区块链上的数据需要保存多长时间以及现有区块链系统升级到量子安全级别的时间。如果后两者相加的时间和大于前者,那么区块链上的数据就会受到量子计算带来的严重安全威胁。 考虑到量子计算飞速发展带来的算力不断提升的现状,目前可以有效应对安全风险的主要有两种技术途径: 综合考虑落地实施验证等多种因素,为确保区块链长期演进下的安全性保证,在兼容现有密码安全的前提下,可考虑通过后量子密码迁移将区块链提前部署升级到量子安全级别。理想情况下,将现有区块链使用的公钥密码算法升级为量子安全的后量子密码算法,应尽可能满足以下特点: ! V! b! p3 r- @% `
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