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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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5 G* E( Z' `$ O+ A( z天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
) n0 D6 ^ f8 ~- r: f/ A$ ~! q许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” C! g- L w% v
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 $ n0 k& t' W& V0 w+ c. i% u
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→春秋战国' w% }' w) G# t5 N% E; p- t
1 S C6 K3 m- @" P《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
2 f& Y2 _2 m: ~2 c0 e3 b《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
3 f+ G& `0 q7 {. l《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” " w8 o7 Z8 m9 [+ L
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。7 I% l! ^/ |6 a; v( ?2 f
. c6 F3 V4 m$ e# `( E1 k1 y. V《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 , K; F0 \2 Z; {- U1 _7 y
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→汉朝7 j5 A- d( }/ t9 L
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4 l8 S8 v/ W4 h9 a/ ?* W汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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5 u M& q5 H/ _; T; a晋朝
0 f8 A& w. n: U3 ]+ c) z: \2 R; r. ?, A' E
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝8 B- J; `5 q- n) z g
+ H9 z/ [) W0 ]北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
/ A9 i& {& T* C8 R( s; s苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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9 _6 Q* }8 J( j( R《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→: X7 m$ l) E' C+ S
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辽、金' X" [6 y* u, m% F2 D3 p% w
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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7 r) d) i1 R4 v* y6 v) V3 Q6 H1 W→
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明朝
9 |) L' O7 C8 i4 V3 S7 G( B; b) M3 D! L2 @4 _/ Y4 {
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→, q2 K d$ L+ H, N$ F
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清朝
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( k4 P3 B. m% B6 {, s' }) N《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 1 [' u2 R2 p R9 E7 C
7 _+ Z* }( q2 f# J' l. V' [& b8 G康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
* b2 w8 B* L* b" U- G! r) h$ t- Y6 t4 U5 ?
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ; C1 ?* B$ v" J N
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ! ?4 b" c3 o' {$ |
8 m, Z4 \) G8 M9 ~, J e# |. J汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 # R& _/ b! T; a0 V3 d5 C
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 4 B- k* f: I6 S5 r5 D" @. ?
6 D9 `3 A5 i: k$ B7 x& P( z蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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2 h9 `, b/ W- d9 q张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
% T2 }# K7 d9 `; ]. \9 D$ ~+ k吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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/ c7 Z# ~6 f, K) e+ U( Z光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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8 I3 S5 o( j# m2 D( }中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
0 Z0 {* r# \# r# X) a- N1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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